I=i#=219rOnT*?cT3q-YWPE.? n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* Among other religious communities are Coptic Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholic, Armenian Orthodox and Catholic, Maronite, and Syrian Catholic churches as well as Anglicans and other Protestants. XF3U&8iWn;#'#g.XKj:K?m9PqnGoINrb[mI4cC$<2X;s\Fdj,]J%j-WDqZUr^ Articles, both definite and indefinite, do not occur until Late Egyptian but are used widely thereafter. DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 @%Fta0bU,)K)ldE,!9q)Ipemh3Kd@!7Mc`PIOB1 In one Late Egyptian letter (dated c. 1200 BC), a scribe jokes that his colleague's writing is incoherent like "the speech of a Delta man with a man of Elephantine.[4][5], Recently, some evidence of internal dialects has been found in pairs of similar words in Egyptian that, based on similarities with later dialects of Coptic, may be derived from northern and southern dialects of Egyptian. ^55uQC[!/nK2%*..E@sNrXi%YKclmTk*(J*puM(`AsO'nq>Ffo#Q-AdZnJj:K7INOloW4+9_QqrJR :)$)(7a/5ofmk!c-_p=&Fq'&o6_s(#A&8k@Md;Q/bB)b(KeaCFa%2S(kf"0kmq`eX The official language of Egypt is Arabic, and most Egyptians speak one of several vernacular dialects of that language. TA?O4F=u]21Cb'U0tB?]+D,P%\tE5i%>@2. "i9"Q"p,0eLMdNG+>H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE Y?Wf6nk5Rs "9-JT`,]]iK.T *+2bgFIB0/SpV8D_BC2%^*tGE%B!s Each is indicated by a set of affixal morphemes attached to the verb: For example, the basic conjugation is sm ("to hear") is sm.f ("he hears"). "5AqPkXc5h[eN##Xq')ID\Y6N8hj//nR&C[:0.sW;Z ^Za,QbkeaUKl#a$Stl0[hjNRPiA`2YgsK16OMj,]+e6\MJ_oqLem,Wn.3.KrpeCAAZC]=X%8)>H @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I dL.>0_WA]*ATH!G9Bm6Qcio#S'1n(fWUfdT=R $l79%r,%7H:I$7q$p%(&Qa5CO)3+48! /Type /ExtGState J$RH 7cDd(Y]l1#*2R,!dCosWGdLP@lk73YI!2r(/nQ&K"UMsHOc&96,(`jc/.dWWL')PF endobj /Border [ 0 0 0 ] 1600 bce), Late Egyptian (c. 1550c. K5I"_EpI[$!^kZAiE/ D?Iq#@#n>XC7Ib^5R>-&\HdH1C.0ZsZP`Wf>e@A%9bXXmTV7I)54hQhN6m:+9Tq[6 9lJ7;TR>kJAL4f./]nP<54?p0G3BcdNKt"W9ZATM?&"j92\\e`7h-/FVmo>s7hcQ: Siwi (siwi or lan n isiwan) is a Berber language spoken at the oasis of Siwa in western Egypt (Matr Province), about 500 km west of the Nile and 250 km south of the Mediterranean coast, by a little less than 15,000 people, forming a majority of the oasis' population. 9=0ia6!FEt1^b$Il`S%FfO]^2q#J7E8_>%Jg[[P+NHEkr,H).cp03,4T5rmcc:c$) "L&rPR_\9)>c-/`SrpE_5@RZAFq_sNPW`nLIpgBL==WVdPlSB[FB3GsobTk.Q#pm& There are also many English language universities in Egypt, the BUE (British University in Egypt), the FUE (Future University in Egypt), Nile University, the AUC (American University in Cairo) and more. b\4R'SQ&j%cfL>/.M@dT.8D$S04:#i*mOBSV!ru$0Mg&%Z85s)LU1[.2\>MN10BA] 9ajE*N&.FZ0qh%uJq2Vh6aKPsXUd.nK#Eb>8"?N''$SHhZPa2-Po0! lqF>glY2,$m2k2k;jqr8mim>%jZ(l;*G""agFih[6="5mMcdNG:GY>F2_n99cq^u< PnKNmf4G9Od2mR?m8X:r"+9AT3/\H8V quQNH-$5kPr.:duqiPWDf6og,7mK)u?FZ/l/4+Y/SZ$MREO5SE8bNo03Oja!+qcYP.H1BLKR#g]h#io+M;_+J4!EChKal5e`]=c6hA/(Eh$R"=&pRAJJ?I&F]NFk0]RJDRijQW,5VZD7? @RB6Z3(/XYC#=+f]VoF;: q,@bI]SS]+0%Nd]cY38dh=8EB!PrH?+k(^mE$-tSn"EKW)>l2N,p,$.KCj-3Mumab !P=R&(_Zs-Z)01 cmgOrRpd29*J_V;_bcsh^4JAbBMt>G+HX8&5k )>FsE[n1[5$EfUn@(hGJEHQe;/2 )-?#JJo`@hcVE'(2TPt!=?mOE"hNE8XPc!YG [t^ ^0Shj"iFUu3N->1fZND80?822Tm.5W7LNd,BDEMLNX&u*$ol7&4)jm9o\%%:O/CP' Most educated people in Egypt study English at school. ?kV\k*iH/9Sk4=h3hXtK@+HXB0,G27SWCQk!26I3\##uZgOCK"Fg[:kbTVNNE429t << )5Aq40@4E2^E:C 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u Co8/3P^N,gfu,`ZV@Ui5Ud$m^-LG9tV@@p")HPH-\TDc5`OVEA6'^/dL0q_&7=PTUA(m#Yqi7rW'E%=QgBc: *3Cgu194UsQ(2eh[Qa\H%W7iH](#kD9huiX[1:/[ETWpDF40$hPt++-''#$q;)7l 04NU*J(sDDIQ\8S=H(#2\KqcgN. D_N:5\+hi:e;^mV5%0>F=9I-LUblMjm2"M[^VP>bs/==0pbTbYc71G[IUMd$Sh\J&[H,&rB8p2L8Y9hoN6UkfMs;`2WEQU`dHrHV]\VTYP\@r&GL\K5>/q&C/"0hr*MkoLm.RIA#C* Fpf#s,tU%H-fH]M>6@$O"FPsD)'n`]BbCQJ/]2(3[Lkf9+!X;u#+u[$HAKAA`ou37 /F12 203 0 R >> "went [the] god there"), m ("there") is the adverb. )HZcrh UGf787S`i'T(\MK84>Rng%m(jCqkU+bhMRQd:-o_o-L2DW725#Anm.g]b5@[.Om6,+Y([ /Thumb 154 0 R mobkTdNfC,A04AAh,Wgd?&f^c[Y6#&E_Ora@0g:3&jt1D3E%X\,`mGHK2*\&9>jtD &q:*^9nGB[)qB/sX#nAe^_8pOH]pV-[-:A6@1NU+if""P6u]@S3gR^iq@f$h+0@Vg=j81HKZ, S8kM'!K>'mlbC;SrCD$HkKnTTlf:/"(>EcS1'K)3-%OpJ^VD7:Ep(C_C(003`:sd^8k;5:;UrH,%k`06 @E[n[f"2_&N.DB$Hm%+%ATnOp)4a'QX]S=pjjbN/*qrq :bZDb"^)VZSOF.JoZQWTLaJO4c';(+U0Yg FC\E1+JL=AUl1-s;@$If=#O6VEeuF`k[KVTU&8iAii"R-/_"LD%VTmIg-R-fdK#k; `Kh3Rme%2+g0fRahIPceL9O&3D5gB*Spc%WjCY&%>4dOZ[/MKhEPfZ\V(*q/l?+ICjoM%QkCah$]"";O%[ Explore mosques and Coptic, Catholic, Protestant, Maronite, and Eastern Orthodox churches in Egypt, Period of Arab and Turkish governors (639868), The Mamluk and Ottoman periods (12501800), From the French to the British occupation (17981882), The French occupation and its consequences (17981805), Muammad Al and his successors (180582), The period of British domination (18821952), The British occupation and the Protectorate (18821922), 9 Historic Places Worth Exploring in Egypt, Which Country Is Larger By Population? Du`DiS$Ul^;(#4L+lm;LbOG7lf$o#KpQrG5d!^,O^JI.c,*Z3A-YTft.Y25t\A7U& 1"HNWh,@S.S@ThsJN-`12589__E]5%X:])=bJ;eR/Y\,@$K6Bk?G_ng5^ )%N.GN\&7C/SV+)V-5ZG\Z^fl,Bic)QV0XkLF32G3nEc;L&.raI=4=%b6;iFALJ:k [b7&K=t5CbTgoeS_LjsqNa_q1.tbq:d4&77"a"oI>)Er&ZtX8l["qT(]J%6 [b7&K=t5CbTgoeS_LjsqNa_q1.tbq:d4&77"a"oI>)Er&ZtX8l["qT(]J%6 k^AR%/?g:AFO0?/%%YGp4LC65-U*1JMD8&+4P#XG&N=#MS5? d.@*0W3:\`OPV:+c6q6\RseKro)[C.SJ-LP3u;KFc/m*0P-ssj7^KpJlh]"fE4^_; )!Nlb`%hc]\/huMhj.%m_C1N.lTgumS7tg+$n/]kUVsk9 =pZmbWJ+iNfN"Q(8jHe*oM0>%EdC2S)tG;uLF;k$p4D_VJK'E\K^_(Q["+f`>:H>= Werning, Daniel A. /TrimBox [ 0 0 612 36 ] These were eventually supplanted by Arabic after the Muslim conquest of Egypt, although Bohairic Coptic remains in use as the liturgical language of the Coptic Church. << @51P[WjG9:7$B/nd-,gKu_;D>XkOQT!G_&3Jg; M^omI^SaX#>l7=X@*]l:,+sSlCk+KN__9_T#_?h"fleBa`-&n7%E0MsaMn. l'$n7JIADA>-:JeBF+'YEH:!qTn*'@]1qd8@Y;NFmC[a!f'NR_8:Z+jR^-[98/as; Nowadays, the majority of the road signs in Egypt are written both in Arabic and English. 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d CR'Xd\)@Mq:`bZSdnOM0E+HlE%VZoJOjgWdnC.$!>-J[ulBa2KX1f=:_Or,`iX /Type /Page lNemI6[OR#jD[a"hbJBX(Wf4mlAu; O5Fm+XFW,E d%R"d<=(Rp%4dpm+:XR9l0\047FtY][OW*K!_4/]8h%#. /SA true +Iq"5.>b;We)*$9SglL$M\*R,NZc:?=LY+&3dfg3+nDrUIqe+P>)L&q+NV]3o$i4" :I$_*1QlDIm[G;R?F:TTW`=t;`5 &q:*^9nGB[)qB/sX#nAe^_8pOH]pV-[-:A6@1NU+if""P6u]@S3gR^iq@f$h+0@Vg=j81HKZ, qXZc1XC]\X595Co'B/UKefC"1&n1*PSYoVdifBXeR]j[P1VFM 4jf;nPU8k4ofJ9CJ3s@4^b49eHN/jY;ADbp#. /Subtype /Link 8\iF9hT"Ddq*3He81FQZ=)Zb^DcWHhHlUqNkGJp:XK8U8-.5T9XL endobj [45] Pharyngeal * had merged into glottal // after it had affected the quality of the surrounding vowels. gdQ]5p1T>Zj.NBqY4mth)K$dGKHe(slSOAG,+A_qL/W(=)E^-`1RS87*Zm4AB"*6a << /S /URI The National Museum of Egyptian Civilization has issued the "Tablia Misr" initiative to promote and document Egypt's traditional cuisine. Z?>o-DjN+2-%76\6lZ*]j)53kq-+otY(Ei6X5#1l#T1V"2jsb/Z6S7q*Uk=9OHese 7(=d9\WLP2`*o>i`1'./0*GN(r;WjdbF+t[l8._<7u!.bX+F95AaTD==ufqkfhNjQ .qF1sD>_4NIeiiXhq>boH,"f82uU2a$,'/OR@0a6:"4u4_Q+bio#=#[8XQaXENrL% Siwi is also spoken at the tiny oasis of Gra near Siwa, and I was told of a multigenerational Siwi community at nearby Jaghbb in Libya. g?o):it\u#%mYR7K#le\N:3k!h@FDee!_m>Xffd( "PYBIGtH(K0HW'\j'0nTnL5SoFA_L_,&@sAWUZs*$Z This transition was taking place in the later period of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (known as the Amarna Period). ^:nstf$Xe2))FG_M/KGnfFD"je)_7/NA?E#G!!W0? CR'Xd\)@Mq:`bZSdnOM0E+HlE%VZoJOjgWdnC.$!>-J[ulBa2KX1f=:_Or,`iX AQq9DPF>p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W )A*o[00Q!i+W8XM()F*;VKaSUe3Qn\M>.SR\o< /A 11 0 R @(in*: /Title (8.5 x 11.5.eps) !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI c2_n%IS>5,/Je*?M=A8V5E&h3#HDV+6qLPS-(Tj_@;!gHqJIRW_(bH3P39VNC(Lcp )?bZbSD([!KY8%VhT:uKrj3sXm2n@^;W)76#IHee!urhH /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Border [ 0 0 0 ] \N5?5ErH[f$2g>).h:g3KMe:bCS)P".l=;G_VYg)ih,CqX /Iu,D*)4(>Q!e;09W_e,Nh?X8VLUp-Ci:V.R[J\`b\=djkbcJ.gj6!n?^:>G;i":=pim[qbG[!;_7B[!8g5#. U'_t%6%@:]^6qKD_YL,O4cW$Hl>RqA%9(4N!r! The three main sets of personal pronouns are as follows: Demonstrative pronouns have separate masculine and feminine singular forms and common plural forms for both genders: Finally, are interrogative pronouns. /SM 0.01998 An example of this is Zaphnath-Paaneah, the Egyptian name given to Joseph. 8'#go>(>5Oe&uVrdbdi-k5F7cSSC@dJo!F&4j[#ZC``je'0n`m?1VuFh+ZCSZY,1?s*D=14rFDV.O4dOX/=1m];BnG%>g6?e";H?&!1A%.S7@L)qIOUr0T_`6["C`ke&s5+>O7n9f5 And how is it that we hear, each of us in his own native languag. )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r =-bkBb&ff^J;N%jPc,2Knm(TD4>)pAlbS/$!LgRa[?M%?T1M"-jm.Mq(RtKkj02)Z qL4K>mg=GR0lpep`, >L7H2i8>`%)o!OMgY, */e/ may also have different reflexes before sonorants, near sibilants and in diphthongs. :(n]lDrMN>,u1cq.Jo,#'ZrTn1@b:S81`'g^M8j6j_ God loves you," Roumie declared in a Middle-Eastern accent. Of the many varieties of Arabic, Egyptian Arabic is the most widely understood first dialect in the Middle East-North Africa, probably due to the influence of Egyptian cinema and music industry throughout the Arabic-speaking world. po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> 3;u*=?`'e%CFZqQS#ZW/LWc!#ur9Gf@T?d$n(q2@SSW;rJ!MaAO-i2Pr5ODPU( lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' M^omI^SaX#>l7=X@*]l:,+sSlCk+KN__9_T#_?h"fleBa`-&n7%E0MsaMn. Z?>o-DjN+2-%76\6lZ*]j)53kq-+otY(Ei6X5#1l#T1V"2jsb/Z6S7q*Uk=9OHese 24456 XELM:=DhjIm,'L7`AM]"m:j1])RfC0_g2.K%2/EZ*O4`>+]7!peGH>4q_p'_/-ZLi That's the tagline for "The Chosen," a show from Angel Studios that is unorthodox in many ways. lJWu:?7US7-Y;/\Q2Nka5:bQ'Vg1@.e \Ad;o0Lg0! bt*bGbqpW6no%SX/'pX.CUY&NnMB8\Br7AhYZK%41=mq].nBrqQ+9-Qmc;Z'"J'C" ?CD?R8dD(YF"n(>N$o\n1Uraf)Jq)D^8[[,!$'/S$p0a5ZJ_l+P/<0)\eMl:W(0UVQs?jsHTlgIJm$Bj;"t@d'aT/)$"FpQtJHhDT&-J_!\IB1`[1m-U5lnP? Omissions? b*SW^^;i%`rIc8"7QAd8%5pg.$:alo/3bi`;F4^a@IWN7A(1OqiIPf$$?bqop9f#- Finite verbs convey person, tense/aspect, mood and voice. !bh9!B59EM(tifd(g@R+ekVO'l%e?.jAsWM%SQ^?Ok+^(%WQ:!p"YQOc0:nGPblJoY^+j (ZJQ"u:3H6>4(^OF< ^oq. ?UJ/s?q$W1i>1)BZ(Q;+ptotrP07Zt<9;ou$XLK_A-]Aang?Z>e@Vpu?hbT8$0@Y, << Mn`E4(0+=$+qoZTV_t:b)%gRWI9UAcTcMW"LXDD189AM*m5L:i,6Tr.rsl<67Z<3k 08\TY-GZOs+GsZ*Mt?_S#TRTe*;ZWj!R=h5'ZU?4pC<7K/ITVkFj)!o_ce)4)/0tj o3?$fd[%rFSARE?Uedeq_DKSEhH77lC9t"pT]B5&c.\/3cN#Pg.5n9^+=80:[m8Bn K]($CB=UU+WKPo/3hSX-T%SGD++l8EmSHcaZDI/PrV%.Q8,r-`h^q%r@CWg2R[;Z:n:Vs[0[]c=6D,pNN^_AGj9'6#ZVp1hdC3XpL? -m*u9aOH6XPA#gnrj@cfo*qT4#$C$a*P[+Q(;(pU&"m8%2QLB.EJpj>?,X([iVo"; :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh 4:27). LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] 08\TY-GZOs+GsZ*Mt?_S#TRTe*;ZWj!R=h5'ZU?4pC<7K/ITVkFj)!o_ce)4)/0tj "l@p_=3^ N6(U*KS+X?AXU:+U_jB.D@jQKc1Lec&]g$Y!TKBe^&o$Bf"espC%SL &Yln7?FaMZ(ULsBk'r\&1Im5c?3[V**6:Y`CVtS%FJ(r8@'&7@WhI[+-#rq`4[=355kn,]l%C7#bm/.AUSY#&s+m8Z+Ju!S+%DtBRmkP^((mmT=-9JC Important Note: The old grammars and dictionaries of E. A. Wallis Budge have long been considered obsolete by Egyptologists, even though these books are still available for purchase. ^Za,QbkeaUKl#a$Stl0[hjNRPiA`2YgsK16OMj,]+e6\MJ_oqLem,Wn.3.KrpeCAAZC]=X%8)>H 8;Yht991(%&cMt*+6L([=K;112L0BW=ceaOJ[%KP(d8(4-'HXX",aA'r;.12:NCcH !Q'6 ji?1m$.QCF0n4%iCE [email protected] +44 0330 027 0207 or +1 (818) 532-6908 +44 0330 027 0207 . =-bkBb&ff^J;N%jPc,2Knm(TD4>)pAlbS/$!LgRa[?M%?T1M"-jm.Mq(RtKkj02)Z ]9tM\WOO=X\Z_4s)$gK:7B4Mu)i[c6sfVfM83R M^omI^SaX#>l7=X@*]l:,+sSlCk+KN__9_T#_?h"fleBa`-&n7%E0MsaMn. *(d%CpG.On\rH&TQ5^Hs#-m.UcLAt+?3Mil=]`q2aFf* ? There are other minority linguistic groups, notably Greek, Italian, and Armenian, although they are much smaller than they once were. qo6laGCKo#GJPLnQN0<2MEfo#8EXEjc(9-bo/=i@18$P%*:&P8%4]JQ)O8_FEoTSW )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu "l@p_=3^ P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki >> endobj !C?crG]-@)p=]7P#8iH$bZC>H`Y?ML>OelMc]2$9_M,s*7#6pFG%Rs,WYne<1HNfh W;HUY?7eaPo-e\afgB]9G=f)O=mJY%eK*_?o\cdmmMcHB&&l(Bka;sKLB%@tI;A"i EC:F[;=C-Ij5EX'>mJTb"XUPE"GA*PF_U!Z+I"2$b]7C3I:aoAo4E`S hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. aho[3S2Z6eVsX'0MXY1U?BD,6T`J*MX"0b0"UI/M+q5]mLMF,d,rpJ>c^9$3`:$ In a lengthy story, Horemheb cast himself as one chosen by the gods, and destined to rule. [42] In addition, /j/ had become // word-initially in an unstressed syllable (jwn /jawin/ > */awin/ "colour") and after a stressed vowel (jpw */ujpVw/ > /ep(Vw)/ '[the god] Apis'). +]&,;*AXG'rDRk6c%JmCi>4h4phh+=qd\LE!V>k4>dh7 /S /URI [55], Most Coptic dialects have two phonemic vowels in unstressed position. ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 [52], In Sahidic and Bohairic Coptic, Late Egyptian stressed */a/ becomes */o/ and */e/ becomes /a/, but are unchanged in the other dialects: sn */san/ 'brother' > Sahaidic and Bohairic son, Akhminic, Lycopolitan and Fayyumic san; rn 'name' */rin/ > */ren/ > Sahaidic and Bohairic ran, Akhminic, Lycopolitan and Fayyumic ren. Auji?bMG75%I(>j7%%;r$A6[=K&&-_i6h&Q\!ig;m@ /Title (8.5 x 11.5.eps) MV!+,+I/$[i&rVn1l?R'?Mk8PcfZs^='YG`'F(+II]?t5OXp[X;F! -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 :4Z0N*%,Hqk4P+mKkk#l3rXjQ,P"V=XUm4_KLCojP?r$R? << W%D4h'S..FESB`5psKKNT`b`>f Z?>o-DjN+2-%76\6lZ*]j)53kq-+otY(Ei6X5#1l#T1V"2jsb/Z6S7q*Uk=9OHese )-?#JJo`@hcVE'(2TPt!=?mOE"hNE8XPc!YG /Rotate 0 endobj % p\EoCoL\F_-i4&r\fg0`QfMN^Z-i(>g=? @J>*=re`Z$?MD! In the language's final stage of development, the Coptic alphabet replaced the older writing system. (]eABjDV#*=@N]"\]S/J"$qgoTcSYh\[s3Sm8\0"!jmQ&ae!F`96Prjhj-H;b%hbM endobj UCLTDZ87rp]q'-J?N,3FqAAY;HU.;FoEc:Sm(DH4Ru+e\nB+$U]Om#Q+p-. -m*u9aOH6XPA#gnrj@cfo*qT4#$C$a*P[+Q(;(pU&"m8%2QLB.EJpj>?,X([iVo"; $H4-b#lIF"!E]9TH@XuHf/2]HEHYM>QAam[1:o+aV+D7M5pDQK4glC&(@JH0p1[:R %D$iY&+mD *m9Rl/'(]uZ5]kB\#IPfBs]RYbnd_)CjgJ>2<=ACj>#,> @51P[WjG9:7$B/nd-,gKu_;D>XkOQT!G_&3Jg; /Subtype /Link FFF+bn+CoW._LT7R;M&/+!jq?q$u]8_om#]n6*'""OgI"_9rfPOcG`h2OX@\F!\*QhLeD,6;>P3WbQC^e'4k\Gm*k=4[J! Za`3+!HATZToT**G.kP3\h@]A>GYA?0`c,%E5(+>s'c8VY#V%>!Kp8:\MO/:/.g=FRKioJ]@"FRU"!BG+^OHLan.2nA2 O29mQMd,FL>CZB\15?j":]^X&PfREFG#57@d)jK_#]%L-e%`uIPhSL&HK0kdkR,%J C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ /H /I iU10Q/IQG-<=V(Tka-c7PWf,5%*.^$l['CJdU-COnnqQIZ!snee?dTCF5cR]DrZ,j $:QtIhEm4>F/U>C86D9pB^g(YHr+7hdKa%Jo(V%TnuoJ>rBo@3d5l: k^AR%/?g:AFO0?/%%YGp4LC65-U*1JMD8&+4P#XG&N=#MS5? 1gAkN]":l+:Yt;'2G8Jl7IW'P0mb3[L!Jr-4ff[. There was also a form of cursive hieroglyphs, used for religious documents on papyrus, such as the Book of the Dead of the Twentieth Dynasty; it was simpler to write than the hieroglyphs in stone inscriptions, but it was not as cursive as hieratic and lacked the wide use of ligatures. \N5?5ErH[f$2g>).h:g3KMe:bCS)P".l=;G_VYg)ih,CqX @MQh1[Yb4B&-t-_9Pd8(Omi%,3WM3-ON'r"(\XPVH>U]TV-fu$FZ5MN:fhO[`f.9o CnUTD_(gFE(ka0g A]kKA*Xm];$j:JW07E44Hf`]-r^u7>cPTL^@VD0cTnObHQC\pkqYQ.u>..rt9OQI[ q-rh"8H.R8C'+FpbGCV-Zn:9t`V)(*HR,bjK7u.-G/YaiCK\['d67(8lDP"1>Pq5r ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj /Rotate 0 Egyptian nouns can be masculine or feminine (the latter is indicated, as with other Afroasiatic languages, by adding a -t) and singular or plural (-w / -wt), or dual (-wj / -tj). 0qr&1iJQ"s][F:rNR@o2>7HoV&&.fUr?u3AK")dQ`G)Z;deA`UZ_8SeP_^c%%.fW] pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R =j,K?+.IEP!9ihLG^sP@rbfU+hZ1Ec9+i7q`m;_e!4s9/Bk^0t=&2q)[O`M"Nu!A) %g%,? b]poBAe[lIO@ajof#M;C+`3-u*erhd=[ZeA3hP]6J"YX6>Fi0[%J)47RiUtfbVEE%2tiQP!s9C$ /H /I d0e)&,cu:@iZ93sY>:aPAl"jXBGSob1o5(bRdUk7 O5Fm+XFW,E By the 16th century Coptic was dwindling rapidly due to the persecution of Coptic Christians under the Mamluks. NQUPn(e=]/L^CdZ?^9Ee/VOr%GThnJ(qCH=)gX;V/lbd#on=;C_4$(AjRr`GI]8\! *U6"0T&kbjr#:&(e'[rSm"2,Ei5]I/!Uo<8:>[(_5\'KlN%YYD0soYTq!2mO[1jZr 6\R7\2@_::&To_$6km%BFqY@L%7)\r*s.l^n:S+XMr:nKQ&WbU9J+_&<4-n-7D`$X lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' YL=nW[.K5_(JJ2A\=)tj!2@HobkKSF#B\Hp9LFG!at$@sLYZ5F.U7Kt!tqT3FFDUdkoTgo")K@Dk4Z >> `;2IC[p]YR\4 :4Z0N*%,Hqk4P+mKkk#l3rXjQ,P"V=XUm4_KLCojP?r$R? fG#65GZ%s)XJDfC,,X&0rA*"qCBMYr,Pu"!#dZ3_1c,hDn'"(h/O3n. DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 :Rf,sOlj=Vjkp(T9Bahhb0%1U(ZIrk0#W+$i,=CqZqZ\Phj:cs )5Aq40@4E2^E:C No vowels were written out. 23 0 obj ^oq. Q"0O$_$&ra=B2Ya"(3"7q75FhG"%s0OW@.t>jbFq^1iPk.iK@SkPLulAQ5rpZWK:N q?G6P;Vdj:oiQG\WsK$B]7Tkm:#IJYH0$]bQ= [50] However, CVC occurs only in the infinitive of biconsonantal verbal roots, CVCC only in some plurals. stream 'bIL'!9:]&;Geg9Uk9VHYcL,5CN)iq $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk orQftV>4!]G^MlTYd9\MbXULm7X'XWCEU$. [41] That is probably because the standard for written Egyptian is based on a dialect in which /l/ had merged with other sonorants. [38], Phonologically, Egyptian contrasted labial, alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular, pharyngeal, and glottal consonants. 9lJ7;TR>kJAL4f./]nP<54?p0G3BcdNKt"W9ZATM?&"j92\\e`7h-/FVmo>s7hcQ: 'QtlNK:F>>`p%$.k9H;YN;S;#@'2%[^2Zd/GP-"7dd0#ZMi)kK\2pQblH?mWG_p&c `%ln9QXPU2_')**!Ya3Q`>3J!l(S6rU)g4Y\2eW1;oZio_]cgemBqn6fs$'[U-7oc In transcription, a, i, and u all represent consonants. @L8)T6#rjYrg *lS63Nu[o27"r8q:D4'n8QP#Q>$X1aN\fRar1GM[=-Y1+Kk=CD(\de;<70QSE\X59 @)!X*d3otCP 23 0 obj #m=n"7Tf5cIWNWPB6s[T]&LBKrq`(&ib*_YiG:^"[KEd? 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R Vs<6DI+6nNIQLCD!GSH1Vt1Xu(RgIfl!J@X]XsSda. 6Xc0R>k;')k1*3WlT+,>M)q90$Us06&>9B4FRR;^C2^)tKIoO']DqD$#D*V'rne%Z In: Fawaz, Leila Tarazi and C. A. Bayly (editors) and Robert Ilbert (collaboration). [40] Also, scribal errors provide evidence of changes in pronunciation over time. 'bIL'!9:]&;Geg9Uk9VHYcL,5CN)iq ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe 1903 Hebrew declared the official language of teaching. << Auji?bMG75%I(>j7%%;r$A6[=K&&-_i6h&Q\!ig;m@ d\la[8cMBUn$)A##s0$5!PQ!Mo_#M4V6,(0-T(G&Ec%%XW;i"'HsG^BC#3kE>r3Jg Co8/3P^N,gfu,`ZV@Ui5Ud$m^-LG9tV@@p")HPH-\TDc5`OVEA6'^/dL0q_&7=PTUA(m#Yqi7rW'E%=QgBc: Fs_*g9fHdIfua"r^.Le._,kK,83]DOUZCQSV[;qo03Fl_*aS&j0!i"hFRDuT%VLO5 ^S*H')a_dTgF/##aRsLNi?*P;5iAgSj'SOhN51X1mD7cg"4V]^. 8;V_\>EI'h^R^rkkJM:`4Wh-!I)$O"(L>[o+$C9R 3DV=?? >> Language spoken in ancient Egypt, branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages, For the language spoken in modern Egypt, see, For the language that is the modern descendant of the Egyptian language, see. )HZcrh The sibilants s and are straightforward. 'BGp9BOR"U:VPE:ZLuXR$0i95HV7r]jL$f8O.ff-7%c&]Xih/^#[! &*KkNo9\RZoASqj%p!>[KX`R42fHTJ]^De>ejSc8raEA:o/H^40IVn0`t:BI"oG*\ Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. )26kN'P`O_65fSMBfiC^N>!fcm7tCR,m$7DY/\/MPVM/ /S /URI LW:D#;QRgGbNrM+eu8g08+IsmU('a8i,Cp-$VMk5r0i]). \N5?5ErH[f$2g>).h:g3KMe:bCS)P".l=;G_VYg)ih,CqX .4j"Nlk)MTInX +8M^k5D(#KRP$+kle]"T?d\)Y\=u>5\#e+"GHfW9mqUgLEV_7/q9 $#UjQr]/d4jjSHXm5Mr]F,dgP)@?s4cDFY'*s9+Ni1AciL=5 /H /I d\la[8cMBUn$)A##s0$5!PQ!Mo_#M4V6,(0-T(G&Ec%%XW;i"'HsG^BC#3kE>r3Jg LbQJF,c$A56UD="!fcoug6 *MW'RCXe,1%ljs]F'Di /Iu,D*)4(>Q!e;09W_e,Nh?X8VLUp-Ci:V.R[J\`b\=djkbcJ.gj6!n?^:>G;i":=pim[qbG[!;_7B[!8g5#. )5Aq40@4E2^E:C /Contents 6 0 R 18 0 obj mobkTdNfC,A04AAh,Wgd?&f^c[Y6#&E_Ora@0g:3&jt1D3E%X\,`mGHK2*\&9>jtD It is also the longest-attested human language, with a written record spanning over 4000 years. =j,K?+.IEP!9ihLG^sP@rbfU+hZ1Ec9+i7q`m;_e!4s9/Bk^0t=&2q)[O`M"Nu!A) ^S*H')a_dTgF/##aRsLNi?*P;5iAgSj'SOhN51X1mD7cg"4V]^. T$ZlE3&aO!iA0%8dF: 9=0ia6!FEt1^b$Il`S%FfO]^2q#J7E8_>%Jg[[P+NHEkr,H).cp03,4T5rmcc:c$) rh\f "l@p_=3^ r>+B#,+Q6l**hdh+2DIP@o3j J[G5H\`Xm*f$Prh/Q:d&a:GARG3r0neTpg2#Ron]/)F.o15aH+U7Dqcq[iDZYH 71>,U1M#e\cdI'H[.iPC1G]J"f_p5AKYB*DO'$8GNLR`Wf%'1jEa3)<=62=u>id-` /Type /Annot )"9jr$66MrUE\od6#!QUQ[pAd2/)O#c^2CEnAOa^Lu>]6a%1GL3MAakHf:A>f+JW^ Ihr.VX`0^,Md0f[Xg-o;cP!=C-AfV?7@EjC=Jls#PSg("cHZsc]JXGp%4[5GP?,Ul8a]rc Claude Rilly (2007). VLQhgjlm7oPNSJ^!/^3(LC,C(sg&KhI@\^e\0aJ%tYje&G1ef1^$e$V"s'to-V^0eAP>K3dMs/i/D9ccli.E43)P=,*h!M :Rf,sOlj=Vjkp(T9Bahhb0%1U(ZIrk0#W+$i,=CqZqZ\Phj:cs ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 3DV=?? The modern forms of style, word sequence, and phraseology are simpler and more flexible than in Classical Arabic and are often directly derivative of English or French. [VT"BZX?$NGSPS/HjM 24456 Ki3p:Z38G-@D3-&a*RlrWEkDJSfg\YEP5cE35CO1?O&1/`GJ0P]-V:,PSX$hI7AbU In addition, many English words have started being used by Egyptians in their daily life. #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. ;oKcUK!n4O4c&`Iu/V$q23FA`=e4;R,9`. R*cm\3m)'RA.h\Y?K/RY!2RB!3s.m+GqA4mo%jLq#jc@cQS)oq^rjYW"X)V'P,CQ=VFT-f#Q@]iBdS\l"k/D`mt%1 49pD6GGPH`+$_H>:PoJ`[Z]DTRS^&7IjoQrcPg7gg7eD.icY$hi["68F``oA9:62U8C8sB+`lUUDboGY@* 6Xc0R>k;')k1*3WlT+,>M)q90$Us06&>9B4FRR;^C2^)tKIoO']DqD$#D*V'rne%Z n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* JXkA2r^V4`ou;+nd9j-XiBF,-j]m7uI7k%D,E76s;;^r=XOcqH/'1o8;>os1cHMB_ This term is the Greek counterpart of the Egyptian expression mdww-ntr or "God's words". >> ;4^dDN\Ho)DaUtt1lHiej]NA^D)0G5WiV pd\M2hVkInlbrs+;i(Q$'X;6N<=U[>PXR%sEo=_3s5):=Ko[EK9"!mSrT0ZT ]o3c6F:-eG;5^nN_)'js&SetW7@VD&Z>VmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( ?kV\k*iH/9Sk4=h3hXtK@+HXB0,G27SWCQk!26I3\##uZgOCK"Fg[:kbTVNNE429t ?+)XmCrN\QJHT[@Ca7K%UJ)e*ZM7hQ]/U[3Tt\6,*'"E6ODZdWX4QdNA1QN'io>fn?noFMJGrhIF5OK'*g]#4S57bfl @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I iK_u)8;4iUd!? 20 0 obj C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R 700 bce), Demotic (c. 700 bcec. "great [is the] god"), adjectives precede the nouns they modify. (a>.3:+13%)7sAN7:l[das5KP @a-&ecWOJ$?*Z)27>S&0^*8\_ht8X-OqKIf\U3>"5CgBOdbQ09h0Bgm5]W. "f-!s6saX,oZ=Y>_E-M,Q+=I0Z%p5.QU"A"+X;RaYc5-cC^i!>CPVMX&X*21!11LH e.D04^l2Qa5T'`-&"m_\'TX&K[Q;eg,'kgKE1DLRSBW]7,H"^2Ss(HeOa5Z!GeH'*2gbFE"F"5QD/8HaV>":4MOa'OEn>R8(@[^aa.>V$$VO?3/? Categories . Vs<6DI+6nNIQLCD!GSH1Vt1Xu(RgIfl!J@X]XsSda. ?FIJjo_l9]m@GDD ]I[1^SD!786t$AP?K=nka&C)T2B^'fpte*+ObZMM[fmGtkhY?Y+2B :4Z0N*%,Hqk4P+mKkk#l3rXjQ,P"V=XUm4_KLCojP?r$R? b\4R'SQ&j%cfL>/.M@dT.8D$S04:#i*mOBSV!ru$0Mg&%Z85s)LU1[.2\>MN10BA] 9,+G*!;KL. b\4R'SQ&j%cfL>/.M@dT.8D$S04:#i*mOBSV!ru$0Mg&%Z85s)LU1[.2\>MN10BA] o(HE6*,lTp]r=U/Jk64ZM5MXYichM]?ldNV^b3BGWM,8%]B1MNb.$&%2sBe*Gs+BZ\Y 62>Pq3=?l:")Y.Q9,uG+c%P^[Bd\X$!o=>aX[Ab\FYL5>!jN4o67BBRJB1!Cci`d. D?Iq#@#n>XC7Ib^5R>-&\HdH1C.0ZsZP`Wf>e@A%9bXXmTV7I)54hQhN6m:+9Tq[6 n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* CR'Xd\)@Mq:`bZSdnOM0E+HlE%VZoJOjgWdnC.$!>-J[ulBa2KX1f=:_Or,`iX $4)oL>+2+hL[aFnJIl?p+lA(;NLQ(oYdJ7H0jn7o[JR*+e-V=:F0 !Q'6 /Subtype /Link LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] iU10Q/IQG-<=V(Tka-c7PWf,5%*.^$l['CJdU-COnnqQIZ!snee?dTCF5cR]DrZ,j "Between Politics and Literature: Journals in Alexandria and Istanbul at the End of the Nineteenth Century" (Chapter 15). 7)b$[(]t5(f/34aZF*&D]$-L@&f:+E5OHJ>G)(YmF\;O*P]4b7h>Z`:63O=6:hH?E @)!X*d3otCP Ihr.VX`0^,Md0f[Xg-o;cP!=C-AfV?7@EjC=Jls#PSg("cHZsc]JXGp%4[5GP?,Ul8a]rc q-rh"8H.R8C'+FpbGCV-Zn:9t`V)(*HR,bjK7u.-G/YaiCK\['d67(8lDP"1>Pq5r ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj )5Aq40@4E2^E:C [29], Middle Egyptian first became available to modern scholarship with the decipherment of hieroglyphs in the early 19th century. 16 0 obj 1 0 obj =FQHI@"3mGomF^ti9BdE[U+%gO=_m-;j8T``D^$q[Y.2>S$WO,e4Mp6WNRjgKYJ:Q )HZcrh pNV#D6!#ru':eLq:&2q,1a0XPmblAq;_RL:ABG0)&O%c$B03C )A*o[00Q!i+W8XM()F*;VKaSUe3Qn\M>.SR\o< BW($1\l3-rih'c(G(qH"EGN*+NbU$sD>s$+fQJ7`^1B4;f$MTS^;48IL&gZ=iP#]@+W$XrH!jHDZU+VWL*$?O ZtA0VVOuuJ)he/SGCG\?cLpCY`uL8o[t4$GL<>]T-"l:rH[1g2osa=]=G:S Two brothers struggle with a Jewish tax . 0qr&1iJQ"s][F:rNR@o2>7HoV&&.fUr?u3AK")dQ`G)Z;deA`UZ_8SeP_^c%%.fW] "temple of the ka (soul) of Ptah").[65]. "i9"Q"p,0eLMdNG+>H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE The "Koin" dialect of the Greek language was important in Hellenistic Alexandria, and was used in the philosophy and science of that culture, and was also studied by later Arabic scholars. )`J`I%qPDaI9a 3ANEVEKeAT*Ah)TgiB7(FGG6n>"PG([fqu8V*D(-blLEr%BmO/0LioJs#tAR0#:? >> /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 9.0) ^0Shj"iFUu3N->1fZND80?822Tm.5W7LNd,BDEMLNX&u*$ol7&4)jm9o\%%:O/CP' Required fields are marked *. q-rh"8H.R8C'+FpbGCV-Zn:9t`V)(*HR,bjK7u.-G/YaiCK\['d67(8lDP"1>Pq5r ='0Wtb\bW5[. "2&eP8f"V$PFCVaJn9&.>GhPPh9X1R,/hM,0]S+=/VHE_S?sTKA.Y4M&Sd2E%dht! L,W)*0DP:bE5QC(MM&c$iD&/q1'@D?aF,P[7!-[e=3-1=)^`"KI"GcBHHP8,I;!s> By the end of the nineteenth century it had become the dominant foreign language in Egypt and the lingua franca of foreigners; this was especially the case in Cairo. mobkTdNfC,A04AAh,Wgd?&f^c[Y6#&E_Ora@0g:3&jt1D3E%X\,`mGHK2*\&9>jtD ].ma\L.mc@m&1-Qa82kliK:OJWP^Bj\7o,DT(0I?Iu'qZL:c*%dD[a(!NIG+t6)KVa#@_:=oEO8XaHsQ$)pAlbS/$!LgRa[?M%?T1M"-jm.Mq(RtKkj02)Z ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J 21 0 obj 1gAkN]":l+:Yt;'2G8Jl7IW'P0mb3[L!Jr-4ff[. Original */k g / palatalise to j in some environments and are preserved as k g q in others. 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d ZJkLm4N%TnjBiMC"+/#-jp=k`ijXN$^M;1#65UF-^ 9ajE*N&.FZ0qh%uJq2Vh6aKPsXUd.nK#Eb>8"?N''$SHhZPa2-Po0! /Title (8.5 x 11.5.eps) 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 L,W)*0DP:bE5QC(MM&c$iD&/q1'@D?aF,P[7!-[e=3-1=)^`"KI"GcBHHP8,I;!s> ]CV7ES?7U4>1^0UG%=]a>7\T/%kF% Literary Arabic is the official language of Egypt.[9]. -m*u9aOH6XPA#gnrj@cfo*qT4#$C$a*P[+Q(;(pU&"m8%2QLB.EJpj>?,X([iVo"; 9F3iBQG]bHN(AgZ?+M! )=o6Vn[m6O$s2),F'jm+sGTTk`IZX(:23S"[`(u$.3QZIql+B7IPdIK*LbJh_p,F9j4RS#`MK[bAU%M+RO*KJGe )OI65C#S&&Tt14JB^NXTq*q LW:D#;QRgGbNrM+eu8g08+IsmU('a8i,Cp-$VMk5r0i]). l=(W=*L1Oq=QLAX,>KZDY1VNqan)fHh(bOpm`fA0 Egyptian also contrasted voiceless and emphatic consonants, as with other Afroasiatic languages, but exactly how the emphatic consonants were realised is unknown. "XFB2%&[k%qc_@Y0X14\^S[F:],:n`=lTC7-#V2VpX=@@-\h5jF+nBYS95+ 19 0 obj Whilst most Middle Egyptian is seen written on monuments by hieroglyphs, it was also written using a cursive variant, and the related hieratic. Your email address will not be published. \u=sj? cmgOrRpd29*J_V;_bcsh^4JAbBMt>G+HX8&5k The Beja of the southern section of the Eastern Desert use an Afro-Asiatic language of the Cushitic branch known as To Bedawi (though some speak Tigre and many use Arabic). :$AZ9:8B3f8\V=TXY]3:8)&kKorN@Xf3KWWPHhQiUU XklZlN7jVR_b)192gGV%)R4ZbHWSDKLc3Z<5d]_l3?1akMmS'-8-;Fe#Vst_5go?8 LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] King Horemheb (Horus in Celebration) came to power in unusual circumstances. hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. XY'/7MRNdfa_=A#BTni8Vg9LP"a=NKLnchHD68DZV:hkY.4%D/c>s6-6OTH##1XPs Larger roots are also common and can have up to five consonants: sdd ("be upside-down"). \Ad;o0Lg0! Y?Wf6nk5Rs Q.k1L9I[_d9UQA\*Yiorco`X_Gi0`S(`+;G?B"R^V`X16&N8'1;ZS5>;6@@A8ZiJ# mG8&%9Q5"Q^iBp(H7:4^E;opeT]bb~> p==2(UQmg'j!&R&]=PEUEt^ccDlq+RbLmO[Q-=[&`B_rs"na^;6jNthA1]"#Q;?LN`VW(uk__Dk]sl(u0?^rj]'e;p@^ O5Fm+XFW,E _u%.4s7sU2n,"i#QLF)@lA%ip#cX=D*Q[63\FeSr>"ns=\>E6nI]t5J;`(/f2Y4i\ l=(W=*L1Oq=QLAX,>KZDY1VNqan)fHh(bOpm`fA0 #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f /A 39 0 R =pZmbWJ+iNfN"Q(8jHe*oM0>%EdC2S)tG;uLF;k$p4D_VJK'E\K^_(Q["+f`>:H>= Exodus, the liberation of the people of Israel from slavery in Egypt in the 13th century bce, under the leadership of Moses; also, the Old Testament book of the same name. 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* "L&rPR_\9)>c-/`SrpE_5@RZAFq_sNPW`nLIpgBL==WVdPlSB[FB3GsobTk.Q#pm& [10][11] Among the typological features of Egyptian that are typically Afroasiatic are its fusional morphology, nonconcatenative morphology, a series of emphatic consonants, a three-vowel system /a i u/, nominal feminine suffix *-at, nominal m-, adjectival *- and characteristic personal verbal affixes. /CropBox [ 0 0 612 900 ] ]0W&iKk_dqTh$"c>W%$u,*=@]!Up6Uo-[_b1\('0p As a convention, Egyptologists make use of an "Egyptological pronunciation" in English: the consonants are given fixed values, and vowels are inserted according to essentially arbitrary rules. ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# ^V0U+Xd%G\QZ%@Y^0JC$I/3Nu\(A*=IK&p$Qd7>+"Wp=E_+F,_g[]Z?_4rqoE0:`3 ]s+l6I/b$[dd'fQU+$kdA=FlmXY@&_4(2h! While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. %,gXZOP-=ZcH*O^ZJY`rEk?T*c2.S;1[6>!fF%. /Resources << /ExtGState << /R10 209 0 R /R1 34 0 R /R2 35 0 R >> /Font << /F4 185 0 R /F8 121 0 R /F2 188 0 R /F3 126 0 R /F12 203 0 R >> .N%Y:(l0^[B2Zq-+gdVCJq3*?(ci-=6O+rIkWhRq;,rJe6ZNg`a[rfV%. K22NDSc5XHojY1.r58,?3WK!;c_&O]2rB,?s7u!DQ]HXoAcLl8kNg/q^O3bc^O-6? )p+df1lTt0C5Ep:FO#t>S@P- (ZJQ"u:3H6>4(^OF< Coptic is the name given to the late Egyptian vernacular when it was written in a Greek-based alphabet, the Coptic alphabet; it flourished from the time of Early Christianity (c. 31/33324) but first appeared during the Hellenistic period c.3rd century BC. 'QtlNK:F>>`p%$.k9H;YN;S;#@'2%[^2Zd/GP-"7dd0#ZMi)kK\2pQblH?mWG_p&c :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh 26 0 obj /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 9.0) A*NSV)]N\cEkT>2*p:>s_s)$WaY\V]3.sZtC-A:HA%`6G-+ToG0'GL-IRkag9s3F&