Because it relies on such a range of different methods, it is considered a holistic approach to a subject. The importance of descriptive representation in regards to minorities has been the subject of many debates in the past. From class actions to Miss Saigon. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. Studies of the representation of minority interests in the era following the enactment Once you have this descriptive research, you can use it to focus your next ad campaign to the right clientele. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The point of this chapter is neither to define the threshold level of effective state feminism nor to argue that state feminism actually delivers better than descriptive representation. The notions of women-centred/intersectional state feminism, state feminism with/without a welfare state and with/without democratization should be thought of in terms of Weberian ideal types. Young, I. M. (1994). PR may encourage turn-out and reduce apathy. The tyranny of the majority: Fundamental fairness in representative democracy. Representation: It ensures all the interests and views of the public are represented in the government. Convenience Sampling Defined: Pros & Cons. Legal harmonization and intersectionality in Swedish and Norwegian anti-discrimination reform. Qualitative Research Pros & Cons . The rapid increase in the minority population has led to some backlash and challenges for law, Descriptive Representation In The United States, Descriptive representation has been on the rise for some time. Conducting a thorough survey relies on two things: willing participants and accurate data. Secondly, I will draw upon Phuong Ngo as a case study to describe how descriptive and substantive representation impacted MEM voters in his constituency. Goodin, R. 2004. A vast literature debates the efficacy of descriptive representation in legislatures. The descriptive evaluation is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information using different tools ), Women, politics, and change (pp. If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. PR potentially offers greater and more-representative choice for voters. In the first place, learning of our neighbors gives us the inclination that we must keep an eye out for them. To save this article to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Political Therorists, Parliamentarians and the Meaning of Unequal Representation. 1. The institutional basis of democratic accountability. Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. This at times has started a great racial tension which has been negative but, shows some of the true colors of American which I feel is greatly needed. People of color are also serving as mayors across the country, including in major cities like D.C., Chicago, Baltimore, and Atlanta. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Defending equality of outcome. Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). People still have a voice. Methodological essentialism, false difference, and other dangerous traps. 4. Pros and Cons of different Prescriptive Analytics technologies | by AlainChabrier | IBM Data Science in Practice | Medium Write Sign up Sign In 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our. In 1971, to better represent their interests, these representatives founded the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), an organization that grew out of a Democratic select committee formed in 1969. 3. This however has created an increase in of social anxiety among some people in American. Equal opportunity and equal social outcome. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the what is of a topic. Institutionalizing intersectionality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Some of the most important are listed below. Waterfall model is the very first model that is used in SDLC. 2. In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. At extended last, mindful neighbors will probably concur upon common issues and cooperate to explain, As we look at social disorganization theory we knew that they were using spatial maps to look at the locations of juveniles. Tests: The Material and Tangible Effects of Descriptive Representation. Descriptive statistics describe a sample. Pros are listed as arguments in favor of making a particular decision or action. This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. Many advances in womens rights have been the result of womens greater engagement in politics and representation in the halls of government, especially since the founding of the National Organization for Women in 1966 and the National Womens Political Caucus (NWPC) in 1971. Goodin (2004) highlights that there is a tension between including members from different groups and subgroups on the one hand, and the practical ability to debate in the legislature thus rob them of the possibility of substantively represent their particular subgroup. This is the conceptual view of the end product, whatever the owner can think about relative to its use. Cleveland State Law Review, 39(3), 269300. Crenshaw, K. (1991). 9. This may help you better understand research findings, whether reported in the mainstream 625 Words 3 Pages Decent Essays Roemer, J. The first disadvantage is that descriptive research requires more skills. Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. It could be argued that PR delivers fairer treatment of minority parties and independent candidates. Pearl Necklace for Women, 18K Gold Staion Neckalce Tin Cup Pearl Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. It is different from exploratory research in that it is typically more focused on a certain unknown or unproven aspect of the project. Mutfak Gnlkleri Sibel'in Mutfa Ana Sayfa; Hakkmda; Bana Ulan; descriptive representation pros and cons. This form of research provides insight on human nature, we are able to understand basic psychological processes from this. Your email address will not be published. Feminizing politics. 1. In todays world, these injustices still remain an issue and arguably have become worst. However, in substantive representation, it is not necessary for the representative to have a similar background or shared characteristics with the people he represents. Acta Politica, 4, 389403. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. Voice, trust, and memory: Marginalized groups and the failings of liberal representation. Creating a list that details both sides of the argument makes it easier to visualize the potential impact of your decision. Pages 491-507. Weak coalition government: Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. Oxford: Oxford University Press. In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. The electoral advantage of the incumbents presents a stumbling block on the advancement of new groups into the institution. The concept of representation. New York: Palgrave. 1. (1999). Get full access to this article. This helps to avoid wastage of time. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. Bacchi, C. (1999). A software life cycle model is a descriptive representation of the software development cycle. Pros of Representative Democracy. Wagle Estate, Thane-400604, Maharashtra, India. Descriptive representation describes the extent to which public officials reflect the demographic composition of the constituents that they serve. Ethnic Heterogeneity Ethnic Heterogeneity also known as ethnic diversity is another variable associated with social disorganization theory that I consider to be one of the. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Democratic political theory. This process allows you to understand that specific set of observations. Professionals often use descriptive statistics to communicate simple trends within a data set. Minow, M. (1991). . New York: Verso. New York: Colombia University Press. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. Multicultural citizenship. systems than the old and traditional ones (Tawil, 2002). Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. Reading a hundred pages may not give any scope to make a decision. This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. Culture and equality: An egalitarian critique of multiculturalism. You might also like. The procedures involved with experimental research make it possible to isolate specific variables within virtually any topic. ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. It is the land of oppression to progression, yet we still wear our scars and our heads up high. Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. For example, Patsy Mink (D-HI), the first Asian American woman elected to Congress, was the coauthor of the Education Amendments Act of 1972, Title IX of which prohibits sex discrimination in education. Required fields are marked *. 3. The rise of the unelected. European Sociological Review, 20(1), 111. Descriptive research provides numerical descriptions that identify what the thing being studied looks like in terms of its size, location, and frequency. 26 ubat 2021 Kategorilendirilmemi 0 Kategorilendirilmemi 0 Companies use descriptive research analysis, but it has both advantages and disadvantages. When determining whether or not legislators are representing their constituents interests, scholars using voting studies may overstate the role of strategic factors, such as reelection goals and constituent influence, while understating the effect of descriptive characteristics. When nondescriptive representatives have, for various reasons, greater SDLC models might have a different approach but the basic phases and activity remain the same for all the models. Fraser, N. (2003). You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. (2014). It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. State feminism and political representation. Walby, S. (2011). Democratic authority: A philosophical framework. Your email address will not be published. ), Representation and redistricting issues. . Post- 2000 redistricting created more majority-Latino districts, although the absolute number of Latino legislators did not increase correspondingly. Bicameral legislature emanates from the concept of representative democracy. There are many different types of data presentation. Various reforms such as the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Acts were implemented during the civil rights era as they helped promote greater inclusion and equity to, but not limited to, African Americans and Mexican-Americans. Descriptive Representation: Factors that Contribute to the Underrepresentation of Hispanic-Americans in The U.S. House of Representatives According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Hispanic population in the United States is fifty-four million. Experimental research offers the highest levels of control. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Sex and social justice. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Democracy and disagreement. 2. The descriptive evaluation was proposed as opposed to traditional method of evaluation and it is based on new strategies for facing the government's challenges. There isnt enough research on the subject, with our world Under PR fewer votes are wasted as more peoples preferences are taken into account. However, they no longer go gentle into that goodnight. Evidence from Romania. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. (Eds. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Uni Research Rokkan Centre, Bergen, Norway, Centre for Womens and Gender Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Holst, C. (2016). The Pros And Cons Of Labor. Representing Diversity. 1. Pros & Cons of Descriptive Research Varied. In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures? It may not be until one is pursing their final years of high school, or perhaps even in college when they are aware of Americas history of possessing a highly restrictive political system. Descriptive Representation and Intergroup Relations in Comparative Perspective. It doesn't answer the question "why", which makes it limited and won't come up with the cause and effect of a research topic. Palgrave Macmillan, London. Welfare state and woman power: Essays in state feminism. Feminism, epistemology and morality. The debate about whether grades help or hinder student learning is as old as the U.S. grading system itself, dating back to the late 1800s. Cornell, D. (1998). Given Australia's ethnic diversity, it is agreed by most political and sociological scholars that such diversity is lacking in Australian legislative bodies.1 A point of contention lies in whether MEM representatives are able to actually implement legislation that will represent the views of minorities in their electorate (substantive representation) or whether the number of MEM representatives in legislative bodies is sufficient for representation (descriptive representation).2 In this essay, after discussing the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation, I will argue that both theories are linked because elected minority representatives are often best equipped at dealing with the issues of minorities and that MEM representatives have a positive impact on voters. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the "what is" of a topic. And bear in mind that representatives act on behalf of groups not directly included in decision-making so we should also focus on the representation of interests (though this is much harder to do than simply counting, of course). Predictive analytics determines the potential outcomes of present and past actions and trends. These descriptive representations reflect the laws of nature, the system, or logical constraints for the design of the product. ), Redistribution or recognition? thanked the writer. Caption. Phillips, A. Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? The Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628657. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. Rawls, J. (2005a). Cornell, D. (1995). ), Has liberalism failed women? Classic descriptive statistics include mean, min, max, standard deviation, median, skew, kurtosis. Arena Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo, Sognsveien 68, 0855, Oslo, Norway, You can also search for this author in Descriptive representation as an intrinsic good Theories of descriptive representation also suggest that voters may value representatives of the same race as an intrinsic good, regardless of any (perceived) substantive representation that accompanies it. Descriptive research designs also offer a unique means of data collection. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. The more people feel less repressed by the authority the more they feel like they can speak and actual have their voices heard. Thirdly, results of this research can change over the period of time. Market Research World: What are The Pros and Cons of Data Collection Methods? Marion Maddox, Kais Al-momani, Niki N. N. Dados, Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, Leda Sutlovic, Toma Deelan, Danica Fink-Hafner, Jasminka Pesut, Centre for Peace and Social Justice Papers, The Institutional and Demographic Determinants of Latino Representation in State Legislatures, Legislative Oversight and the Substantive Representation of Black and Latino Interests in Congress, Women's Legislative Representation and Gender Equality: What Works in the Absence of a'Critical Mass', Quota Laws, Representation of Women and the Role of Civil Society Organizations, The Social and Political Forces Shaping Legislator-Constituent Relations: Expanding an Empirical Theory of Representation, Political Participation of Muslims in Australia, Citizen Panels and the Concept of Representation. I was taught to never judge someone by how they look but upon their actions. Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. Register or login to make commenting easier. October 2004. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. in or register, They chant Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 and harmoniously sing patriotic songs such as The Star Spangled Banner while being utterly oblivious of Americas corrupt political system. 4. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip-tive representation most useful. One of the critical factors in understanding why a few blocks are preferable at controlling wrongdoing over others needs to do with open communities connections among individuals in the area. PROS Better understanding Easy sharing of information Accurate analysis Sales analysis Finding relations between events Modification of data Exploring opportunities and trends Geographical visualization CONS It gives estimation not accuracy Biased Lack of assistance Improper design issue Wrong focused people can skip core messages $\endgroup . Black faces, black interests: The representation of African-Americans in congress. The extent to which a representative resembles those being represented. Or at least, that's one theory. Quantitative Methodology. Galligan, Y. Wngnerud, L. (2009). Representation is crucial for democracy: good representation helps to increase re-sponsiveness, foster electoral turnout, increase political interest and include minori-ties. You do not currently have access to this chapter. The politics of presence. However, its not unheard of for it to happen when two buyers are using the same agent. Phillips, A. Such comparative analysis helps for quick understanding and attention. African Americans were routinely deprived of the opportunity to participate in democracy, and Hispanics and other minority groups were fairly insignificant in number and excluded by the states. This leaves lasting impacts, not only emotionally, but mentally and psychologically as well. The Pros and Cons of Writing Description. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 21(2). A major reason is that until well into the twentieth century, white men of European background constituted an overwhelming majority of the voting population. It is great to see people who feel like they are finally getting the representation they deserve. representation in the U.S. House of Representatives Advantages of Proportional Representation The main advantage of PR is that it makes sure that all the views of the public are represented. Goodin highlights that legislatures and governments need not include all groups and subgroups in society to represent the fact of diversity. As graphical representations are exhibited through numerical figures, tables, or graphs, it usually involves fewer errors and mistakes. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Organizing and providing relevant educational content, resources and information for students. Secondly, response rate is low in this research. Making your pros and cons list objectively can help weigh each pro and con against the others. London: Routledge. The Oxford Handbook of the American Congress, Behavioral Approaches to the Study of Congress, Formal Approaches to the Study of Congress, Touching the Bones: Interviewing and Direct Observational Studies of Congress, Historical Approaches to the Study of Congress: Toward a Congressional Vantage on American Political Development, Campaign Finance in Congressional Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Theories of representation and the link between descriptive and substantive representation, Descriptive representation and the constituentrepresentative link, Descriptive representation and substantive representation of group interests, Voting behavior and representation of minority interests, Beyond voting behavior: Exploring the link between descriptive and substantive representation throughout the legislative process, Descriptive representatives and vigorous advocacy for group interests, The importance of institutional and partisan dynamics, Critical mass and institutional influence on descriptive representation, Critical mass and institutional power in congress, Leadership differences in substance and style, Congressional Institutions and Procedures, Managing Plenary Time: The U.S. Congress in Comparative Context, The Ties That Bind: Coalitions in Congress, The Development of Congressional Elections, The Development of the Congressional Committee System, Sectionalism and Congressional Development, Congress and the Executive Branch: Delegation and Presidential Dominance, The Amorphous Relationship between Congress and the Courts, Reflections on the Study of Congress 19692009, ' Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests', in George C. 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Moreover, to date, few minority legislators have been elected from districts that do not contain a high percentage of minority constituents. A table lists data in columns. Profiles: Google Scholar, Dataverse, OSF, R-Forge, Mastodon, YouTube, Libra.unine.ch, (Figshare), (SSRN), (Kudos). While descriptive statistics describe data, inferential statistics allows you to make predictions from data. Aldershot: Ashgate. These are issues that have left minorities feeling as though they are belittled and not treated as fairly as the majority in our society. Descriptive Representation Descriptive representation refers to the election of racial and ethnic minor-ity members to policymaking bodies (Pitkin 1967). Norris, P., & Franklin, M. (1997). Princeton: Princeton University Press. Women, policy and politics: The construction of policy problems. Using an analytical tool such as a pros-and-cons list emphasizes the objective, "just the facts" side of decision making. Four of those types include tables, bar graphs, line graphs and pie charts. It might be helpful to take a longer-term perspective here: rather than focusing on the absence of particular (small) groups in society in any given legislature, focus on persistent exclusion over several legislatures. Descriptive statistics is a form of analysis that helps you by describing, summarizing, or showing data in a meaningful way. . 2 Winter 2014, Intersecting Interests: Gender, Race and Congressional Attention to Womens Issues, RETHINKING WOMEN'S SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION. Advantages of Descriptive Research. Como Hacer Suero De Leche Venezolano, In B. Grofman et al. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. In N. Fraser & A. Honneth (Eds. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Prescriptive analytics offers decision support for the best course of action to get desired results. 7. 518). Descriptive statistics are functions of the sample data that are intrinsically interesting in describing some feature of the data. Weak coalition government:Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. Swain, C. M. (1993). 2. They also have some other benefits over traditional headphones. Tests: The Cognitive Impact of Descriptive Representation. Accountability and political representation of national minorities: a forgotten link? Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 1933. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. The Case of Rwanda, Worlds Apart? Diagnostic analytics gives the reason why something happened. 1. Various reasons clarify why this is. The purpose of this study is to examine the consequences of the level of descriptive representation of women in the National Parliament (NP) and European Parliament (EP) on the substantive representation of women.