A central feature of tragic literature in the West is that it gives us a view of the implications of what results when knowledge is lacking, particularly self-knowledge. Such possession implies having a power over, a control over, a relation to some thing or some one, and therefore a responsibility for the knowledge, the thing, the person that one is related to that one has some kind of possession of. 13. a cause-effect relation. why these three objects or images from an almost infinite possibility?). To count can be understood as what is a priori in the project, such as your Exhibition itself. Can you explain it? Technology is the beholding of the essence of all things in advance in the light of which humans make or produce things and can take a stand at all towards things. Both doubt and skepticism were requirements for beginning thinking. Reasons must be rendered to human beings who determine objects as objects by way of a representation that judges. The second example is a result of the system that is in place that allows beings to seen as how we wish to view them. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs?. The principle of reason demands the universal and total reckoning up of everything as something calculable. Such a precedence was not present in the early Greek understanding of truth and, subsequently, what we understand as knowledge is not how the Greeks understood knowledge. Is bias inevitable in the production of knowledge? What knowledge itself is does not change, and all knowledge is based on an interpretation. Representation is to present some thing, to make something present to humans. Calculus arises from the need to be secure about what some thing is; it is a counting on something. He asserts that the American Constitution and his reading of the FederalistPapers#65 by Hamilton allow the President to act in any manner he deems fit regarding his re-election as long as that action is in the public interest. 12. For prompt 2, youve stated that the concept of added value in economics could also be an object for this prompt. The development of the media from the Gutenberg press to modern social apps and the consequences of these developments is certainly a topic or theme that can be addressed here. The truth of a principle can never be proved from its result. We have, of course, film critics, art critics etc. (cf. This is why works of art are turned into things nowadays so that something may be said about them as to what they are and what they may mean.What is unknowable is not a thing. Our experience of the world is one of being amidst objects and all other determinations of the being of objects is precluded other than that established by the principle of sufficient reason. Ignorance is rooted in unfamiliarity, not having seen something or other yet appearing to oneself and to others as if one did know it. What we call culture is derived from world-view. We are obliged to the things about us if we want them to work at their most efficient level. This is called perfection. 16. They are considered experts because they have that knowledge by acquaintance with the subject matter upon which they speak. the Greek wordmathematical. WebAlbert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Wrttemberg in the German Empire, on 14 March 1879 into a family of secular Ashkenazi Jews. Arkadiusz Wargacki People tend to recognize their knowledge as the only correct image of reality surrounding them, as something indisputable and unchangeable. How does this statement relate to why human beings seek knowledge? Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? The features or characteristics of that knowledge which can be relied upon are those that provide surety and certainty. Techneis a know how that is established and derived from a knowledge by acquaintance or epistemology. It is commonly understood that people who are more knowledgeable in political realm. Reason renders an account of the truth of judgement. It can only be eliminated through the mode of speaking with one another and to one another. Leibniz was also the inventor of what we call the insurance industry today. We skip over knowing the reasons for the things being as they are because we, in fact, alreadyknowthem for being what they are and as they are.The Greeks began their journey to thought by first trusting in that which they were seeking, but they also doubted. It is your job to examine the basis for these first-order claims. Ethics study what people should do and speaks about ideal behaviour. How can we distinguish between knowledge, belief and opinion? The experience, the experiment upon which the claim is based must be replicable and the results proven by others.This is what, in fact, you are attempting to do in your Exhibition in that you are attempting to sufficiently ground your choices for the images/objects you have chosen and how they will demonstrate the key concepts inherent in the prompt you have chosen. For knowledge to be accumulated and disseminated there must be both a communicator of the knowledge and an audience of hearers. Affects, passions and feelings (the manner in which we conceive of emotion) are not to be seen as inner experiences: what we are concerned with here is not psychology, not even a psychology underpinned by physiology and biology, but . The knowledge of physics, chemistry, electronics, etc. Production is a process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs in order to make something for consumption. For knowledge of that subject, I have to turn to my daughters. In hindsight, we might say that the research into the making of atomic weaponry should not have been undertaken given the outcomes of their capabilities. It is directed by what is called rhetoric, and rhetoric has its own techniques. Experience is at first passive: we come across something without going in search of it. Whether we are speaking of the cherry tree in bloom in the streets or the David that was once hidden in the marble and now stands in Florence, producing knowledge involves a great deal of our time as human beings both in our work and our play. Opinion is an orientation towards things as they would show themselves to a correct investigation and examination. An account is an account only if it is handed over. It lacks evident correctness, evidence. Obviously, the societies of which we are members determine what knowledge is and what types of knowledge will be considered valuable. Whenever we speak of the production of knowledge, we are speaking of the bringing forth of what was once hidden into presence so that we may see it face to face. It is the Greek fundamental experience of the being of beings, which underlay, and gave rise to, both the subject-predicate form of their language and their conception of a thing as a subject with accidents. Aleksandra Sachajko Confederate battle flag Since 1861 the Confederate flag has been a symbol of the American white supremacy, which is a belief that the white race is pure and superior to other races. In doing so, you will be viewing technology as instrumentality. are the questions that can be explored in the Exhibition. This is what you are attempting to do in your Exhibition. the permanent, unchanging things in contrast to the things that change. The intention of this writing is to provoke thought on your part so that you are mindful of your choices and, hopefully, gain greater knowledge of who you are so that you will be able to make more aware judgements in the future about academic and ethical questions. Suffice it to say that it must be asked: where in all human activity do human beings encounter their essence, what they truly are? . Seeking truth for these communities of knowers is much like swimming inside the local lagoon here in Bali where the contours and shapes and the security of ones activities can be carried out without the need to go beyond the safety and security of the surrounding reef to the area where the dangers of the big surf lie and where the sharks await. This is what you are doing with the images and objects of your Exhibition. These are subsets of the political in its essence. When we say that science is the theory of the real, we are saying that science is the viewing that allows the interpretation of the being of things to be objects and to be understood as reality. Judgements and statements are correct, that means true, only if the reason for the connection of subject and predicate is rendered, given back to the representing I. The political as understood here is not what we commonly think of as political parties etc. The early church claimed that the earth was flat and that earth was at the center of the universe. An adequate or good explanation usually suffices to end the ire of that tyrant that calls himself/herself a teacher! Our tragic literature and our art, generally, demonstrate that there might not be as great a separation between theory and practice as we have been led to believe.Socrates once said that the opposite of knowledge is not ignorance, but madness and he demonstrated this in the figure of the tyrant for whom and in whom all sense ofothernesshas disappeared. There is no ancient or medieval system, an essential requirement for the reduction of the world to a picture. Our word monster finds its root inmonere or warning. The modern world-picture, however, involves several components: mathematical science; machine technology; the reduction of art to an object of experience; the conception of all human activity as culture and as the realization of values (empowerment), the concern of a cultural policy politically; a godlessness that co-exists with the modernization of the Christian world-view and with intense religious experience. In your study of Group 3 subjects, you will hear both the words culture and world-view said often. Since this is its concern, it is subject to interpretation. The principle of reason founds all principles as principles. It is the old definition and understanding of justice: we render to others their due. In exploring the word culture, we must understand that world-view and world-picture are not interchangeable as to their meanings. But such a venturing is necessary if one truly wishes to engage in a search for the truth of things. WHAT Object #2 Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? There is no Greek world-picture: human beings are at the beck and call of Being. (See response to Prompt #21) Religion is what we bow down to or what we look up to and self-knowledge will reveal the idols that one may look up to or bow down to. The connection with life and the human sciences is explicit: Starting from life itself as a whole, human scientists try to understand its lived experiences in their structural and developmental inter-connections.We must be careful and wary of the notion of experiencing. Reasons must be rendered or handed over for the things which first give themselves to us. Whatever prompt you choose, it is important for you to develop your arguments so that they are clear to your listeners and readers. Experiment in this sense is quite different from experience: science becomes rational-mathematical, i.e. The language and engagement in the conversation that is dialecticis not the attempt to out-argue someone, but getting ones partner in the conversation to open their eyes and see; dialectic is possible between friends, not between rivals; dialectic is not political. They. The greatest constraint placed upon the pursuit of knowledge is that which is imposed by the principle of reason: nihil est sine ratione: nothing is without (a) reason. The prompt indicates that human beings live within grounds or reasons and we view the objects of our world in terms of possibilities and potentialities. This will be discussed in relation to calculation and calculus a little later. The main problem that you will be faced with in this prompt is that it is so broad that a focus is required, and you can begin to do so by looking at how values and beliefs changed in any number of areas of knowledge. A world-view is often arbitrary and peremptory. But if in our rendering, we are turning everything into objectness so as to seek its possibilities and potentials, from where will any recognition, responsibility or obligation arise? The TOK exhibition. Since discussions about art begin with questions of what the works are as objects, they are interpretations of the what, the how and why of the work that is present before us. The obvious answer to the question of this prompt is "yes", so in your Exhibition you will demonstrate what that knowledge is and how that knowledge changed our values and/or beliefs, presumably with regard to what was considered "knowledge" prior . Our understanding of truth gives a precedence to human subjectivity. It is the authority of the principle of reason which characterizes the modern age as technological or as the Information Age. It is what you are doing in your Exhibition which we can say is an event. The evidence is considered adequate when the idea in the mind corresponds to the object which is under investigation and that object gives us its reasons for being as it is. But while these world-pictures are constructed in dealing with the beings that are involved in those domains, it is technology as the theoretical viewing that dominates how the beings will be inquired about and the manner of questioning regarding their being. Plato sees the illness and ugliness of the soul as requiring a catharsis or purification. The acronyms and the specialized language in use in those communities are not things that those outside of the community are familiar with. Sickness in the soul is determined to be an insurrection that results when the mode of comportment of the soul comes into conflict with another mode of comportment; we might call this a conflict of conscience. How important are material tools in the production or acquisition of knowledge? One of the obvious challenges in communicating and disseminating knowledge is translation. is. The principle of reason is what is in operation when we say I get it! in English, for it is the manner in which we take something on, deal with it, perceive it. Not having a complete personal knowledge of how the computer or hand phone functions is not really necessary unless they do not work and we must consult the experts to find out what has gone wrong. One of the possible approaches to this prompt is to distinguish between the implications of having or not having self-knowledge and of having or not having shared knowledge. Opinion is Platos justified true belief which he outlines in his dialogue Theatetus. It is obvious that such seeing of possibilities and potentialities is dependent upon the techneof the technological viewing and those who proceed with unethical actions will do so because they believe some personal end which will bring about their own personal eudaimoniaor happiness will be the result, and they will do so under a sense of duty or be just following the orders of their superiors. Why, for example, are we obliged to preserve panda bears in conditions that are far better than most human beings in the world? You have to chooseone of the following prompts and your choice of prompt will determine the methodology or the pathway as well as the design or plan that you will follow to arrive at your interpretation of the images or objects you have chosen. The word expert derives from expertise or know how and this kind of knowledge is what the Greeks called techne. What counts as experience at a given period depends on a prior interpretation of the world that is not itself derived from or vulnerable to experience. From world-views and world-pictures is determined what and how we understand what our personal and shared knowledge are to be. If not, you will get a 0. It is the system that makes information possible. See the link: What is a work of Art? It is very important that your exhibition is based on one of the prescribed prompts. Due to these people's different viewpoints of how they view an article, new knowledge can sometimes change established values or beliefs, but not always. How one re-searches the historical developments within an area of knowledge will be determined byhermaneuticsand the de-constructionof language. The doing and making of technology, what we understand as instrumentality, is secondary to how technology determines what a being or thing is in the first place. are also objects that could come under consideration with this prompt. rendered, and to whom or to what is a reason rendered? -There were cruel beliefs linked with this system. But what about the things that are about us? In responses to the other prompts, the interpretations of the key concepts in those prompts suggest that not only is objectivity possible, it is our way of being-in-the-world, for it is through our perceptions of things that we turn everything into an object; and it is only by being an object that we can begin any discussion of them and, thus, acquire any knowledge of them. That things are exactly measurable: this is a priori for mathematical physics, and this is what counts for mathematical physics. World-picture, like the concept of culture, is distinctively modern. This is the process that you are attempting in your Exhibition, and your report to the IB on your Exhibition will demonstrate this. This merging and movement towards fascism, where the political leaders interests are considered as the public interests, is a worrying trend not only in America but in all parts of the world today. Thus the issue between competing scientific theories cannot always be settled by experience: One cannot say that Galileos doctrine of the free fall of bodies is true and that of Aristotle, who holds that light bodies strive upwards, is false; for the Greek conception of the essence of body, of place and of their relationship depends on a different interpretation of beings and therefore engenders a different way of seeing and examining natural processes. Knowing the audience is the recognition that we are beings in bodies. it is after hours, the owner is away on holidays, the owner is observing a religious festival, etc. It is assessed internally, that is by your own teachers, but moderated externally by IB examiners. The difference between one concept of greatness and another is not, however, a quantitative, but also a qualitative difference. The German philosopher Nietzsche once wrote: The scholars dig up what they themselves buried. It is through research that we believe we can uncover that which has been hidden. to determine what our tastes should be in our various forms of entertainment. Thus in pro-jecting, what counts as knowledge is that human being always projects itself on its possibilities, though the range of possibilities varies with the thing chosen. relates some thing to some other thing. Such a lack of knowledge is not crucial to our well-being or survival. New knowledge can have a significant impact since it could modify the values of society as a whole, hence it may change the ethics that govern us. OT 2: Language and Knowledge. Not all knowledge is good, it seems. Once again remember that technology is the theory not merely the instruments that technology has produced i.e. The axioms, principles, rules, laws, etc. For a thing to be in the first place, reason must supply its being and the thing must give itself back to the inquiring subject as being able to be known through calculation and measurement i.e. The concreteness of the Exhibition itself is a product of your work and you will provide the first order descriptions of the images and things you have chosen. Similar explorations can be undertaken in the areas of the arts, particularly the history of the development of the arts. Technology itself is a disclosive looking and is not to be understood as manufacturing. Darwin/Nietzsche Part VII: On Aristotle, Algorithms and the Principle of Contradiction and the Overturning of the True and Apparent Worlds, Part IX: Darwin/Nietzsche: Otherness, Owingness, And Nihilism, AOK: Individuals and Societies or the Human Sciences: Part One, AOK: Technology and the Human Sciences Part. Originally it did not have any connection with numbers, per se. Turns out the most interesting topics to those around me are not necessarily in the order the IB has given them. What we understand by our word calculus is also determined from this understanding. veers round into a quality of its own and then it becomes incalculable (Heidegger). It is no surprise that the great discoveries of modern physics were primarily initiated by Germans, Einstein and Heisenberg for instance, just as it is not an accident that the great discoveries of Newton and Darwin belong to the English-speaking world. When we speak of owning knowledge, we are speaking about that which we have taken possession of for ourselves: I get it!, I understand and it is now mine. Required fields are marked *. I have written at greater length about values, knowledge and truth in other sections of this blog and you can explore those writings should you choose to do so. This lack of self-knowledge elicits pity and fear from us: pity for the waste of the good that is the goodness of the tragic hero as a human being, and fear that such a lack of self-knowledge may be present in ourselves. It is what we call research, a searching again for what has been lost. For Plato, the truelogosis silent to the soul which does not have the possibility of hearing it i.e. For example, if we want our automobiles to perform at optimum efficiency, we are obliged, we owe it to the automobiles to maintain them properly. Technology is a theoretical,not a practical affair. It reveals when it is true; it does not reveal when it is false. 11. View all posts by theoryofknowledgeanalternativeapproach. 34. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects. The German poet and mystic Angelus Silesius once wrote: The rose is without why; it blooms because it blooms, / It pays no attention to itself, asks not whether it is seen. What is it that distinguishes human beings from a rose? The noun logos and the verb legein from the Greek mean to gather together, to lay one beside the other. no knowledge is permanent, and this is quite contrary to how the Greeks understood knowledge as in sophia and episteme; they understood that some things are permanent. This demonstrates the truth of the old saying that one is willing to insist on the authenticity of something the more one pays for it even though that authenticity is highly questionable. Arts purpose is to change the manner in which we see or view the world. Certainly the greatest change in our human being-in-the-world occurs due to our change in our relationship to Nature. 35. What some thing is determined to be in its representation is determined as what it is. Our use of tools is primarily a way in which we enhance our sense perception as a way of knowing things in the sciences, but the things themselves must be determined as objects and therefore calculable and measurable prior to our use of the tools. Sophists are the norm in todays societies; and because they are the norm, they should be treated with scepticism. Procuring health is the setting up of conditions and abetting the properties that are already present in nature and allowing those conditions and properties to flourish. All translation is an interpretation. CT 1 Knowledge and the Knower: Empowerment; CT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower. In the most general terms (and as a second order inquiry) the production of knowledge that results from such viewing is the determination of the being of things as objects. 'Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs | Clastify Theory of Knowledge : TOK Exhibition Written Commentary. On what grounds might we doubt a claim? How is current knowledge shaped by its historical development? Understandably, considering different perspectives might be challenging sometimes. 32. r/IBO. To count on means that the knowledge produced can be relied upon with certainty to be that which is said about it. It is this that we call understanding. 11. 14. I have a hard time distinguishing between added value and branding when I attempt to understand the concept myself. Does all knowledge impose ethical obligations on those who know it? According to Wikipedia, a good explanation is a set of statements usually constructed to describe a set of interpreted facts which clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those interpreted facts. This description of the facts etc. Anyone who has been ill or has had loved ones who have been ill could not but be grateful for the improvements that have occurred in the medical sciences such as the discovery of penicillin. Now they are contrasted with mere observation and description, guided by no mathematical anticipation. Thus, the choices of image or objects for this prompt, and the conclusions to be arrived at, are almost unlimited. While this prompt seems to suggest that the application of the knowledge brought forth from the technological world-view, which is the enjoining of the arts and the sciences, is somehow an individual event, there is an implication in the prompt that imagination does not, of itself, bring forth or produce knowledge about our being-in-the-world but plays a role along with other actors in bringing forth that knowledge.